3Cなんて日本だけ。「受験世界史」が作った造語にすぎない。縦断=銃弾政策はある。
The ｓｃｒａｍｂｌｅ for Africa began in 1881, when France moved into Tunis with Bismarck's encouragement. After centuries of neglect, Europeans began to expand their influence into Africa. Soon, it took on a full-fledged land grab in Africa by European Powers. This came to be called the Scramble for Africa. There are many reasons why this occurred. And in the column to the right, you can see people and events that helped shape this "Scramble for Africa."
彼はダイアモンドを掘り当てて作った資金で、ダイアモンドの採掘権への投機を行ったり、採掘場への揚水ポンプの貸し出しで儲け、ロンドンのユダヤ人財閥ロスチャイルドの融資もとりつけて、1880年、デ・ビアス鉱業会社を設立した。この会社は、ほぼ全キンバリーのダイアモンド鉱山をその支配下に置き、全世界のダイアモンド産額の9割を独占するに至った。彼はデ・ビアス鉱業会社を通じてトランスヴァール共和国の産金業にも進出して、世界最大の産金王にのし上がるとともに、南アフリカの鉄道・電信・新聞業をもその支配下に入れるまでになった。ローズはこの経済力をバックに政界へも進出し、1880年、ケープ植民地議会の議員、84年に大蔵大臣になり、90年には遂にケープ植民地の首相にまで上り詰めた。この間彼は、マタベリ人の酋長に武器弾薬を提供し、それと引き換えに鉱山の利権を獲得したり、1889年、イギリス政府要人を買収して、征服地に対する警察権・統治権をもつ南アフリカ会社設立の特許を獲得したりしている。1894年、ローズはこの会社を盾に、遠征軍をマタベリ人やマショナ人の居住区に派遣して、イギリス本土の4倍半にも相当する広大な土地を奪って南アフリカ会社の統治下に置いた。会社はこの地を、征服者ローズの名にちなんでローデシアと命名した。ローズは首相として数々の政策を行ったが、それらはすべて、大英帝国のもとに南アフリカに広大な統一された植民地、南アフリカ連邦を建設することを意図して行われたものであった。彼はまた、ケープとカイロ間を電信と鉄道で結ぶ計画（いわゆる「3C政策」の一環：そんなものは無い！＝造語：日本の「受験世界史」のみ通用）を推進した。ローズはまさに南アフリカの政治・経済の実権を一手に握り、その威風は帝王を思わせ「アフリカのナポレオン」と呼ばれた。
The Boer War of 1899 was a dirty little conflict which involved all the Boer Republics and the British empire. It started a result of cultural resentment between the Boers (Dutch settlers) and immigrating British. It began as an uprising of British immigrants against the Boer government. The British Empire, seeing their subjects mist○eated, decided to get involved. At first the war was fought with the honor typically associated with the British, but, in the end, it turned nasty.
まあ、この文章はアメリカ人の高校教員CA州のやつなんですけど、どこでも間違いはあるよね。まさにmistreatedって感じ。でも大先生たちや出版社は許されないでしょう。
Problems began with the discovery of gold in the Transvaal. Thousands of British miners flooded into the Boer culture, almost overnight. This disruption caused the Boers to resent the new immigrants. They decided to make the British second-class citizens; paying high taxes and not getting the right to vote. The British miners understandably unhappy with this situation. They decided to follow the example set by the French and Americans, they revolted. If it had stopped there, the Boer War would have been nothing but an obscure trivia question, but it didn't; the British empire chose to get involved. British troops began building up on the Transvaal borders. A threat was made, a threat was ignored, and a war began.
At first, the war went well for the Boers. These Dutch farmers handily beat the famous British army in several encounters, yet their success would not last. The better trained British army captured the capital of the Orange Free State, Johannesburg and Pretoria. The British had claimed yet another victory for the crown. The Boers though, refused to admit defeat.
Upon their devastating defeats at the hands of the British, the Boers realized that a new strategy had be developed if they were to have a prayer of defeating the British. The Dutch farmers couldn't win in a stand up fight against the better trained British soldiers. Taking a queue from the American Revolutionaries, the Boers began successfully using guerrilla tactics against the British. The British soon realized that harsh means would have to be used in order to crush the motivated Boers.
In a despicable move, the normally morally stalwart British began imprisoning Boer women and children in concentration camps. Over 26,000 of these innocent civilians died in the British concentration camps. The Boers were broken.
A treaty was signed at Vereeniging. The defeated Boers had no choice but to submit to the British demands. The Treaty of Vereeniging made the Transvaal and the Orange Free State into British colonies. The Boers have never forgotten the British cruelty, and until recently the Boers had almost totally isolated themselves from other cultures. The British victory was a bitter pill for the Boers to swallow.
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